存取控制清單

Wiki管理者以存取控制清單（Access Control Lists,ACLs）設定使用者（或群組）對頁面的讀、寫、刪等權限。這樣一來您就能夠：

• 隱藏某些頁面（於公開網站）
• 公開某些頁面（於私人網站）
• 只允許特定人士（群組）編輯指定的頁面
• 設定面頁是否允許刪除
• 控制可修改admin規則的名單

1. 目錄

2. 基本知識（Basics）

常用的控制命令有以下幾項：

• read - 允許讀取頁面
• write - 允許編輯頁面
• delete - 允許刪除頁面
• revert - 允許回復頁面至某版本
• admin - 允許變更頁面的 #acl 設定

使用存取控制清單非常容易，在頁首加入控制列如下︰

#acl SomeUser:read,write All:read

您必須擁有頁面 admin 權力才能變更控制列。

以上的設定允許SomeUser讀取和編輯頁面，其它人則只能讀取而無法編輯（除非您在站台設定檔另外指定權限）。

若由wiki引擊處理附件操作，則附件亦受到存取控制清單的保護。

當站台設定為直接存取附件時（不經由wiki引擊），附件就不受到保護。例如在wikiconfig.py使用attachments選項。

3. 配置（Configuration）

站台設定中關於ACLs的配置項目有︰

現在您應該明白這些項目的作用，但對於實際意義呢？

• 「優先於」表示「強迫套用」規則於所有頁面的管理與編輯（因為這是首先比對的規則）。

• 「預設」表示「頁面未使用ACLs時該遵循的規則」，與頁面中加入相同規則ACLs的效果一樣。若頁面的ACLs有Default一字，則此規則將併入ACLs中。

• 「之後套用」指「別忘記套用」，即前兩項規則皆末含括的部份（例如給所有人讀取權限）。

It helps if you think of them as before, during, and after processing of page based ACLs.

That u"" notation used for the configuration strings means unicode and must be there - see HelpOnConfiguration for details.

4. Syntax

The syntax for each line is as follows:

#acl [+-]User[,SomeGroup,...]:[right[,right,...]] [[+-]OtherUser:...] [[+-]Trusted:...] [[+-]Known:...] [[+-]All:...] [Default]

Where:

• User is a user name and triggers only if the user matches.

• SomeGroup is a page name matching page_group_regex with some lines in the form " * Member" (see #Groups).

• Trusted is a special group containing all authenticated users who used HTTP-Basic-authentication.

• Known is a special group containing all valid users (like when using the cookie).

• All is a special group containing all users (known and anonymous users).

• Default is a special entry which inserts at the given place the entries from acl_rights_default (see #Default).

• right may be an arbitrary word like read, write, delete, revert, admin. Only words in acl_rights_valid are accepted, others are ignored. It is allowed to specify no rights, which means that no rights are given.

Do not put whitespace between the name and the rights - All: write,read is not a valid ACL string.

5. Available rights

These are the available rights you can use in an ACL entry. Be aware that DeletePage and RenamePage are not allowed if the user is not Known, even if a delete right is granted.

read

Given users will be able to read text of this page.

write

Given users will be able to write (edit) text of this page.

delete

Given users will be able to delete this page and its attachments.

revert

Given users will be able to revert this page to an older version.

admin

Given users will have admin rights for this page. It means users will be able to change ACL settings, including granting "admin" to others and revoking "admin" from others.

There is no separate rename right: renaming a page requires that a given user has the read, write and delete rights.

6. Processing logic

When some user is trying to access some ACL-protected resource, the ACLs will be processed in the order they're found. The first ACL matching the user will tell if the user has access to that resource or not and processing will stop once the user matched an ACL entry.

Due to that first match algorithm, you should sort your ACLs: first single usernames, then special groups, then more general groups, then Known and at last All.

For example, the following ACL tells that SomeUser is able to read and write the resources protected by that ACL, while any member of SomeGroup (besides SomeUser, if part of that group) may also admin that, and every other user is able to read it.

#acl SomeUser:read,write SomeGroup:read,write,admin All:read

To make the system more flexible, there are also two modifiers: the prefixes '+' and '-'. When they are used, processing will only stop when requested right for some specific user matches the user and right(s) in the given ACL entry, but will continue if you are looking for another right (or another user). In case of '+' the right will be given, in case of '-' the right will be denied (for the stopping case).

As an example, assuming that SomeUser is a member of SomeGroup, the above ACL could also be written as:

#acl -SomeUser:admin SomeGroup:read,write,admin All:read

This example is only special for SomeUser, because when admin right is queried for SomeUser, it will be denied and processing stops. In any other case, processing continues.

Or even:

#acl +All:read -SomeUser:admin SomeGroup:read,write,admin

+All:read means that when any user is requesting read right, it will be given and processing stops. In any other case, processing will continue. If admin right is queried for SomeUser, it will be denied and processing stops. In any other case, processing will continue. Finally if a member of SomeGroup is requesting some right it will be given if specified there and denied, if not. All other users have no rights, except when given by configuration.

Notice that you probably won't want to use the second and third examples in ACL entries of some page. They're very useful on the site configuration entries though.

7. Inheriting from defaults

Sometimes it might be useful to give rights to someone without affecting the default rights too much. For example, let's suppose you have the following entries in your configuration:

acl_rights_default = u"TrustedGroup:read,write,delete,revert All:read"
acl_rights_before  = u"AdminGroup:admin,read,write,delete,revert +TrustedGroup:admin"

Now, you have some page where you want to give the "write" permission for SomeUser, but also want to keep the default behavior for All and TrustedGroup. You can easily do that using the Default entry:

#acl SomeUser:read,write Default

This will insert the entries from acl_rights_default in the exact place where the Default word is placed. In other words, the entry above, with the given configuration, is equivalent to the following entry:

#acl SomeUser:read,write TrustedGroup:read,write,delete,revert All:read

Lets look at the first example in this section: acl_rights_before  = u"AdminGroup:admin,read,write,delete,revert +TrustedGroup:admin"

ACLs are processed in the order of "before" then "page/default" and then "after", "left to right".

So it begins at the left of "before" with AdminGroup:... - this matches if you are a member of admin group. If it matches, you get those rights (arwdr) and ACL processing STOPS.

If it does not match, ACL processing continues with +TrustedGroup:admin - this matches if you are a member of TrustedGroup.

If it matches, you get the rights (a) and - now the difference because of the modifier, - ACL processing CONTINUES! So if there is another match for that group or your user or Known: or All: you will get those rights, too.

If it does not match, ACL processing continues - with the page ACLs (if there are any) or with default ACLs (if there are no pages ACLs) and finally with the "after" ACLs.

While they represent the same thing, inheriting from the defaults has the advantage of automatically following any further change introduced in the defaults.

8. Groups

User groups make it easier to specify rights for bigger groups. Normally, the name of the group page has to end with Group like FriendsGroup. This lets MoinMoin recognise it as a list of usernames. This default pattern could be changed (e.g. for non-english languages etc.), see HelpOnConfiguration.

Only SomeUser's friends can read and edit this page:

#acl SomeUser:read,write SomeUser/FriendsGroup:read,write

SomeUser/FriendsGroup would be a page with each top-level list item representing a wiki username in that group:

#acl SomeUser:read,write,admin,delete,revert
 * JoeSmith
 * JoeDoe
 * JoeMiller

A page named AdminGroup could define a group of that name and could be also protected by ACLs:

#acl AdminGroup:admin,read,write All:read
 * SomeUser
 * OtherUser
   * This is currently ignored.
Any other text not in first level list will be ignored.

A first level list is one with only one space before the asterisk (and there also has to be one space after the asterisk). The following won't work:

  * some user
-- two spaces so doesn't work

You can configure which page names are considered as group definition pages (e.g. for non-english wikis):

page_group_regex =  '[a-z]Group$'    # this is the default

If changes to the group page do not take effect, let MoinMoin rebuild the cache by simply removing all files in the directory path_to_your_wiki_instance/data/cache/wikidicts/

9. Usage cases

9.1. Public community Wiki on the Internet

The most important point here is to use ACLs only in cases where really needed. Wikis depend on openness of information and free editing. They use soft security to clean up bad stuff. So there is no general need for ACLs. If you use them too much, you might destroy the way wiki works.

This is why either ACLs should not be used at all (default) or, if used, the wikiconfig.py should look similar to that:

acl_rights_before = u'WikiEditorName:read,write,admin,delete,revert +AdminGroup:admin BadGuy:' 

The default acl_rights_default option should be ok for you:

acl_rights_default = u'Known:read,write,delete,revert All:read,write' 

A good advice is to have only a few and very trusted admins in AdminGroup (they should be very aware of how a wiki works or they would maybe accidently destroy the way the wiki works: by its openness, not by being closed and locked!).

If using AdminGroup, you should make a page called AdminGroup and use it to define some people who get admin rights.

Specifing BadGuy like shown above basically locks him out - he can't read or edit anything with that account. That makes only sense if done temporarily, otherwise you also could just delete that account. Of course, this BadGuy can also work anonymously, so this is no real protection (this is where soft security will apply).

9.2. Wiki as a simple CMS

If you want to use a wiki to easily create web content, but if you don't want edits by the public (but only by some webmasters), you maybe want to use that in your wikiconfig.py:

acl_rights_default = u'All:read' 
acl_rights_before  = u'WebMaster,OtherWebMaster:read,write,admin,delete,revert' 

So everyone can read, but only the Webmasters can do anything else. As long as they still work on a new page, they can put

#acl All: 

on it, so nobody else will be able to see the unready page. When being finished with it, don't forget to remove that line again, so that acl_rights_default will be used.

Some page(s) could also allow public comments (like one being called PublicComments), so you give more rights on that page:

#acl All:read,write 

9.3. Wiki on Intranet

If you want to use a wiki on your intranet and you trust your users (not doing hostile stuff like locking others out or hijacking pages) to use the admin functionality in a senseful way, you maybe want to use that:

acl_rights_default = u'Known:admin,read,write,delete,revert All:read,write'
acl_rights_before  = u'WikiAdmin,BigBoss:read,write,admin,delete,revert' 

So everyone can read, write and change ACL rights, WikiAdmin and BigBoss are enforced to be able to do anything, known users get admin rights by acl_rights_default (so they get it as long as no other ACL is in force for a page).

Consequences:

• on a new page, the page creator can put any ACLs he wants
• on existing pages, not having ACLs yet, any known user can set up any ACLs he wants

• all people (except WikiAdmin and BigBoss) can be locked out by anybody ("known") else on pages without ACLs

9.4. Wiki as a public company page

If you want to use a wiki as the company page, and don't want every user being able to change the company page content, you may want to use something like this:

acl_rights_default = u"TrustedGroup:admin,read,write,delete,revert All:read"
acl_rights_before  = u"AdminGroup:admin,read,write,delete,revert +TrustedGroup:admin"

This means that:

• by default known and anonymous users are only allowed to read pages

• on a new page, users in TrustedGroup can put any ACLs they want

• on existing pages, not having ACLs yet, any user in TrustedGroup user can set up any ACLs he wants

• all people, except people in AdminGroup, can be locked out by other admins or trusted users

• people in TrustedGroup get to use their admin rights on any page they're able to write, even if there are specific ACLs

9.5. Comments on read-only page

You can easily add a comments section to a read-only page by using a writable subpage, and allowing users to write on it. For example, you can define SomePage like this:

#acl SomeUser:read,write All:read
'''Some read-only content'''

...

''' User comments '''
<<Include(SomePage/Comments)>>

And SomePage/Comments like this:

#acl All:read,write
Add your comments about SomePage here.

see also HelpOnAutoAdmin.